In the opening battle of England's War of the Roses, the
Yorkists defeat King Henry VI's Lancastrian forces at St. Albans, 20
miles northwest of London. Many Lancastrian nobles perished, including
Edmund Beaufort, the duke of Somerset, and the king was forced to submit
to the rule of his cousin, Richard of York. The dynastic struggle
between the House of York, whose badge was a white rose, and the House
of Lancaster, later associated with a red rose, would stretch on for 30
years.
Both families, closely related, claimed the throne through
descent from the sons of Edward III, the king of England from 1327 to
1377. The first Lancastrian king was Henry IV in 1399, and rebellion and
lawlessness were rife during his reign. His son, Henry V, was more
successful and won major victories in the Hundred Years War against
France. His son and successor, Henry VI, had few kingly qualities and
lost most of the French land his father had conquered. At home, chaos
prevailed and lords with private armies challenged Henry VI's authority.
At times, his ambitious queen, Margaret of Anjou, effectively
controlled the crown.
In 1453, Henry lapsed into insanity, and in
1454 Parliament appointed Richard, duke of York, as protector of the
realm. Henry and York's grandfathers were the fourth and third sons of
Edward III, respectively. When Henry recovered in late 1454, he
dismissed York and restored the authority of Margaret, who saw York as a
threat to the succession of their son, Prince Edward. York raised an
army of 3,000 men, and in May the Yorkists marched to London. On May 22,
1455, York met Henry's forces at St. Albans while on the northern road
to the capital. The bloody encounter lasted less than an hour, and the
Yorkists carried the day. The duke of Somerset, Margaret's great ally,
was killed, and Henry was captured by the Yorkists.
After the
battle, Richard again was made English protector, but in 1456 Margaret
regained the upper hand. An uneasy peace was broken in 1459, and in 1460
the Lancastrians were defeated, and York was granted the right to
ascend to the throne upon Henry's death. The Lancastrians then gathered
forces in northern England and in December 1460 surprised and killed
York outside his castle near Wakefield.
York's son Edward reached
London before Margaret and was proclaimed King Edward IV. In March 1461,
Edward won a decisive victory against the Lancastrians at the Battle of
Towton, the bloodiest of the war. Henry, Margaret, and their son fled
to Scotland, and the first phase of the war was over.
Yorkist
rivalry would later lead to the overthrow of Edward in 1470 and the
restoration of Henry VI. The next year, Edward returned from exile in
the Netherlands, defeated Margaret's forces, killed her son, and
imprisoned Henry in the Tower of London, where he was murdered. Edward
IV then ruled uninterrupted until his death in 1483. His eldest son was
proclaimed Edward V, but Edward IV's brother, Richard III, seized the
crown and imprisoned Edward and his younger brother in the Tower of
London, where they disappeared, probably murdered. In 1485, Richard III
was defeated and killed by Lancastrians led by Henry Tudor at the Battle
of Bosworth Field.
Henry Tudor was proclaimed King Henry VII, the
first Tudor king. Henry was the grandson of Catherine of Valois, the
widow of Henry V, and Owen Tudor. In 1486, he married Edward IV's
daughter Elizabeth of York, thereby uniting the Yorkist and Lancastrian
claims. This event is seen as marking the end of the War of Roses;
although some Yorkists supported in 1487 an unsuccessful rebellion
against Henry, led by Lambert Simnel. The War of Roses left little mark
on the common English people but severely thinned the ranks of the
English nobility.
************************************************
May 22, 1981: Atlanta child murderer is questioned
Police staking out a bridge over the Chattahoochee River near
Atlanta, Georgia, hear a loud splash, and begin chasing Wayne Williams
as he attempts to drive away in a station wagon. After questioning him
about his involvement in the unprecedented string of child murders in
Atlanta over the two previous years, Williams was released. However, he
was arrested two days later when the body of Nathaniel Cater was found
in the river near the bridge.
In a spree that began in July 1979, 29 black children and young men
disappeared or were killed in the Atlanta area. The only clue detectives
had to go on was that many of the bodies had the same rare yellow-green
nylon fiber on them, leading investigators to believe that all of the
killings were connected.
As they desperately searched for the manufacturer of the fiber, a
newspaper reported on the significance of the fiber evidence. Fearing
that he was on the verge of being discovered, the killer then began
dumping the bodies of his victims in the Chattahoochee River. This, in
turn, inspired the police surveillance that ensnared Williams on May 22.
The rare fiber was eventually identified as a yarn that was sold to a
Georgia carpet company, West Point Pepperell, which used it to make a
line called Luxaire. The color of the fibers found on the bodies,
including Nathaniel Cater, matched Luxaire English Olive; this was the
type of carpet found in Williams' home.
Experts estimated that one in approximately 8,000 Atlanta area homes
contained Luxaire English Olive carpet. Prosecutors used this
probability, along with fiber and hair evidence from Williams' car and
dog, to establish the fact that it was an extremely small chance that
anyone other than Williams could be the killer. Adding to the already
damning evidence against him, the killings immediately stopped after
Williams was arrested.
On February 27, 1982, the jury found Wayne Williams guilty of the
murders of Cater and Jimmy Ray Payne, and he was sentenced to life in
prison. After the verdict, the Atlanta police department closed 22 other
cases, but Williams was never tried, or charged, for those crimes.
Since that time, some conspiracy theorists have advanced the idea that
it was members of the Ku Klux Klan, not Wayne Williams, who was
responsible for the killings in the hopes of starting a race war. Though
this theory has not been accepted by the courts, an investigation into
five of the murders for which Williams was not convicted was reopened in
2005. It was closed again in 2006 after police dropped an unpromising
probe into the Ku Klux Klan's possible involvement.
Taken from:
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ [22.05.12]
